Wildfire Monitoring Using The Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin

This tutorial describes a method for monitoring wildfires using SCP and the freely available images acquired by Landsat and MODIS.
Monitoring wildfires and assessing burn severity are crucial activities for the protection of forests and more in general for the management of environment and ecosystem services. Remote sensing is very useful for the monitoring of large fires, and several projects provide this information such as the Copernicus Burnt Area at the global level, or the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity for the USA.
The educational purpose of this tutorial is to monitor burnt area in a semi-automatic way, exploiting the characteristics of satellite images that can be downloaded with SCP. In particular, we are going to calculate a spectral index named Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) described in this paper A project for monitoring trends in burn severity (Eidenshink, et al., 2007) .
We are going to use MODIS Products that allow for the daily monitoring of fires, at 250m spatial resolution, in addition to Landsat images that have higher spatial resolution.
In this tutorial we are going to study the large fires that occurred in the Madeira Island (Portugal) in August 2016. For more details, please read this informative page by NASA Earth Observatory.

Following the video of this tutorial.

1. NDVI Using MODIS Data

We are going to calculate NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) using MODIS Products (250m spatial resolution) in the period before and after the fire. In fact, NDVI values over the burnt area are considerably lower than healthy vegetation (see Spectral Indices).
Start a new QGIS project. Before the download of satellite images, it is convenient to define the preprocessing options and calculations that will be applied automatically to downloaded images (read this tutorial From Image Download to NDVI Calculation in One Move ).
Open the tab Band set clicking the button bandset_tool in the SCP menu, or the SCP Tools, or the SCP dock. Check checkbox Band calc expression, which is the link to the tool Band calc.

Band set settings
Now we can define the mathematical expression based on the Band set. Open the tab bandcalc_tool Band calc, and enter the following expression to calculate NDVI:
( "#NIR#" - "#RED#" ) / ( "#NIR#" + "#RED#" ) @NDVI_#BANDSET#
The final part NDVI after @ is the name of the output raster, and #BANDSET# is a variable to automatically set an output name based on the name of the first band in the Band set.

Band calc expression

The text color is red because the tab Band set is still empty. However, the calculation is automatically performed after image download and preprocessing.
Now we can search the images. Open the tab Download images clicking the button download in the SCP menu, or the SCP Tools, or the SCP dock. Select the tab MODIS download and in Search area enter the coordinates of our study area:
  • UL X (Lon): -17
  • UL Y (Lat): 33
  • LR X (Lon): -16
  • LR Y (Lat): 32
    TIP : In general it is possible to define the area coordinates clicking the button pointer and drawing a rectangle in the map.
In Search set the dates in order to have at least one image before the fire and one after:
  • Date from: 2016-08-08
  • to: 2016-08-12
We are going to use the product MOD09GQ that provides daily reflectance at 250m spatial resolution from Terra MODIS.
Now click the button Find search_images and after a few seconds the images will be listed in the Image list.

MODIS search
We can download and process all these images. Uncheck the option checkbox Only if preview in Layers and click the button run to download all the images listed in the Image list.
After the download and the calculation, the bands and the NDVI for every image are loaded in the map. We can see that NDVI values in the burnt area are decreased after the fire (of course we should exclude cloud cover and water from this calculation).

MODIS NDVI

This is a very rapid way to assess the daily evolution of burnt area.

2. Normalized Burn Ratio Using Landsat Data

Landsat, Sentinel-2, and ASTER images have very high spatial resolutions. However, temporal resolution and cloud cover reduce the availability of images.
We are going to download Landsat 8 images and calculate the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) which is defined as (Eidenshink, et al., 2007) :
( NIR - SWIR ) / ( NIR + SWIR )
Therefore, we can download only these two bands (NIR and SWIR) for the calculation of NBR. In addition, we are going to calculate the NBR difference (dNBR) between two images after and before the fire, which is related to burn severity:
dNBR = NBR_prefire - NBR_postfire
We can perform automatically the NBR calculation after the download. Open the tab bandcalc_tool Band calc, and enter the following expression to calculate NBR:
( "bandset#b1" - "bandset#b2" ) / ( "bandset#b1" + "bandset#b2"  ) @NBR_#BANDSET#
where bandset#b1` and bandset#b2 are the first and the second band in the tab Band set, which are the NIR and the SWIR (we are going to download only these two bands).

Band calc expression

In Search area enter the coordinates of our study area:
  • UL X (Lon): -17
  • UL Y (Lat): 33
  • LR X (Lon): -16
  • LR Y (Lat): 32
In Search enter the dates:
  • Date from: 2016-07-01
  • to: 2016-08-31
    TIP : Images selected for this tutorial are LC82080372016224LGN00 and LC82080372016208LGN00 therefore in Filter we could enter: LC82080372016224LGN00,LC82080372016208LGN00 to filter only these two images.
After clicking the button Find search_images the images are listed in the Image list. Select the bands 5 and 7 to download (please read this tutorial Data Download for the details about selecting bands for download) then click the button run to start the download.

Search Landsat 8 images

The NBR is calculated from the expression in Band calc and the rasters are loaded in the map. Burnt area shows low NBR values, while healthy vegetation shows high NBR values.

NBR Landsat 8

Now we can calculate dNBR. Open the tab bandcalc_tool Band calc, and enter the following expression to calculate NBR:
"NBR__RT_LC82080372016208LGN00_B.tif" - "NBR__RT_LC82080372016224LGN00_B.tif"
Then click the button run. After the calculation the raster is loaded in the map. We can see that higher dNBR values represent higher fire severity (of course we should exclude cloud cover from this raster).

dNBR Landsat 8

For accurate assessment of fire severity we should compare these dNBR values with in-situ measurement. We could monitor vegetation recovery repeating the NBR and dNBR calculation of images acquired several months after the fire.
The same method can be applied to Sentinel-2 images, in which case we would need to download band 8A (or band 8) and band 12 for NBR calculation.
Finally, we could perform land cover classifications (for instance read Tutorial 2) to identify vegetation species and improve the identification of burnt area.
For more tutorials and information about wildfire monitoring, data and tools, you can see this webminar by NASA ARSET .

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